论文Plagiarism避雷下篇｜老学姐教你大降查重率！
大家好，您的论文小能手榜样君又上线了
最近，翟天临论文抄袭事件吵得沸沸扬扬。他不仅被质疑博士论文造假，居然还自称不知道“知网”是什么。
然鹅前一波还未平息，榜样君又得知，翟天临的北电硕士毕业论文也是查重率高达40%，并大篇幅复制了陈坤的论文......
前几天，我们向大家介绍了Plagiarism是什么，希望同学都有仔细阅读，避免成为下一个“翟天临”。
戳这里复习 （手动艾特翟同学）
翟天临查重率40%！你真的了解Plagiarism吗？避雷！
挂科绝缘体｜论文查重、语法检查、Proofreading，手把手教你！
最新进展，翟天临道歉了。
如果他早点知道怎么降低抄袭率，他就不会这么“惨”了。
那今天，热爱学术的榜样君就来总结一下避免论文抄袭的四个步骤，手把手教你如何避雷！
Step 1: Direct Quotation
第一步就是直接引用外来资料啦。
下面是直接引用的5种形式，教你怎么正确✅直接引用
1. Cite 引用资料
认真整理所引用的资料是避免抄袭的最有效方法之一。
Citation部分要遵循你的学校或机构要求的文档格式指南（如APA、MLA、Harvard、Chicago等），通常需要包括作者和出版日期等详细信息。
有的同学可能觉得写citation很痛苦，其实一点不麻烦的！
偷偷告诉你个小窍门：
整理引用资料不用自己一个字一个字打，直接找到Cite for Me网站（或是Words自带插件），输入文献信息和要求格式，就可以得到完整的Citation啦。
2. Quote 直接引用
引用一个源文献时，一定选择合适且准确的表达方式。
但是整句引用，或是40个单词以上的引语，是大多数高等院校都不提倡的。
对我们平常写的essay来说，一篇论文篇幅不会特别长， 如果逐段引用的话，查重率嗖嗖嗖地就上去啦！
所以，我们应该合理并有效地解释大部分材料。虽然这个过程需要很多时间，但是付出是值得的！
3. Citing Your Own Material 引用自己的材料
如果你在研究论文中使用的一些材料是以前自己撰写的，那么对自己文献的引用要和正常引用一样。
虽然说“肥水不流外人田”，但是如果不加批注引用以前材料的话，会被认为是自我剽窃。
之前的文章说过啦，这是不可以的哦。
4. Citing Quotes 二次引用
如果你引用了别人文章中带引号“”的quote，你需要在参考文献部分添加页码信息，网页内容则需要添加段落号。
会出现这种情况，一般是因为同学们为减少阅读文献的时间，会去直接参考一些著作的Review。
但是要注意的是，大部分Review批判性很强，只代表作者的立场而非你自己的观点，所以并不利于写作。
如果没有看过Review里提到的原文，最好不要使用二次引用。因为二次引用更多是是结论性和建设性的内容。
如果没看过原著直接引用，很大程度上会造成理解偏颇，甚至导致“以讹传讹"。
而且，饱读诗书的导师很容易就能看出来，你究竟有没有读原著，对内容理解是不是有偏差。
如果是初写论文者，也不建议使用二次引用哦。
5. Reference 参考文献
最后，避免剽窃的最有效的方法之一，就是在研究论文的最后加上一份完整的参考文献。
同样，该部分必须符合所要求的文档格式指南，大学和院系的官网上都会列出具体要求。
下面我们来举个栗子
大家注意观察这几个要素：引号+句子后面括号里的citation+文章末尾的reference
"Universities also place the burden of understanding plagiarism and attribution conventions on students. There are myriad information-laden web-based self-help tutorials and workshops on related sites for the universities in this study. Many are excellent resources and can be helpful. Nevertheless, the lack of additional, detailed individual assistance about the techniques of engaging in academic writing conventions, particularly for students studying in off-campus or distance modes, raises issues of equity for plagiarism management policy makers." (Sutherland-Smith, 2010:9).
References：
Sutherland-Smith, W. 2010. 'Retribution, deterrence and reform: the dilemmas of plagiarism management in universities', Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 32:1 5-16. Available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13600800903440519 (Accessed on 11 January 2019).
Step 2: Paraphrase
避免抄袭的第二步，就是为了避免查重率而改写啦。
首先，我们先来看几个例子。
请大家来选一选，这三位同学的改写中，哪几位的最合适？
答案: 1.Susan 2.Timothy 3.Susan
你选对了吗？
那我们现在就分别来讲解一下图中同学们的改写。
第一个例子中，两个男生都只是改变了几个单词或是语法结构。
Jordan甚至在最后写了“not just in the arts" ，这里就非常不严谨了。前文作者说了他很认同arts是一个重要因素，但是还有很多其他因素，而Jordan在这里就犯了以偏概全的错误。
第二个例子，Susan只是简单变动了词汇，比如把influence改成了effect，而未对文献做出概括。只改变个别表达方式的改写，也是不合适的。
看完这几个例子，再来看看榜样君为大家总结的改写5步骤，敲黑板！
01
如果已经找到了适合的词句或是观点，先用自己的话表达出来，理解文章要表达的意思；
02
必要时改变单词的形式/语法形式，适当使用同义词，但不要只变化表达方式，也不要更改特定的术语。
03
确保从你找到的文本中，每一行不逐字复制超过两个单词。如果你同时使用两个以上的单词，就要用引号哦~
04
如果需要，可以添加关于源文献的详细信息，也就是你引用内容的背景啦。
05
最后在引用文献后的括号里添加作者姓名、年份和页码，即为citation。
下面我们再来看个栗子
下面这段话即是上一个例子的paraphrase，大家可以对比查看，感受一下成功的改写是什么样的。
Example: Paraphrasing
The responsibility for learning how to reference correctly and avoid plagiarism tends to be passed from the university to the students, as Sutherland-Smith (2010:9) found, through her study of eighteen policies on plagiarism from different universities. She also points out that although many universities provide self-access resources for students to try to learn more about this area, the support provided is, on the whole, inadequate. Sutherland-Smith expands further to explain that this inadequacy is partly because the advice provided is not specific enough for each student, and partly because distance students will often receive even less support. She concludes that these issues carry implications for the decisions around plagiarism management, as some students may receive more assistance than others, leading to questions of inequity.
Reference：
Sutherland-Smith, W. 2010. 'Retribution, deterrence and reform: the dilemmas of plagiarism management in universities', Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 32:1 5-16. Available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13600800903440519 (Accessed on 11 January 2016).
Step 3:
Add your own examples (Optional)
第三步为添加你自己的例子，不强求，是可选项。
在改写句子后，如果你有：
* 来自自己的实践或专业经验
* 自己的观察
* 其他文献或出版资料
那么恭喜你，你可以加上这些来增强论证！
具体模板如下
用“To illustrate…”这样的短语来举例说明balabala
或
“An example of this can be seen in…”
当然，如果你的例子来自己出版的资料，请附上参考资料，以避免之前我们讨论过的自我剽窃哦。
再来看个栗子，和之前还是同一段话，高亮部分为增加的例子
Example: Adding your own examples
The responsibility for learning how to reference correctly and avoid plagiarism tends to be passed from the university to the students, as Sutherland-Smith (2010:9) found, through her study of eighteen policies on plagiarism from different universities. She points out that many universities provide self-access resources for students to try to learn more about this area. An example of this can be found on the website 'Writing Centre Online' (UCL IOE Academic Writing Centre, n.d.), which includes a 'Beginners Guide' page with step by step instructions on avoiding plagiarism, as well as various links to referencing and plagiarism resources. （添加部分） Despite this type of provision, Sutherland-Smith observes, the support provided is, on the whole, inadequate. Sutherland-Smith expands further to explain that this inadequacy is partly because the advice provided is not specific enough for each student, and partly because distance students will often receive even less support. She concludes that these issues carry implications for the decisions around plagiarism management, as some students may receive more assistance than others, leading to questions of inequity.
References：
Sutherland-Smith, W. 2010. 'Retribution, deterrence and reform: the dilemmas of plagiarism management in universities', Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 32:1 5-16. Available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13600800903440519 ( Accessed on 11 January 2019).
UCL Institute of Education 2019. IOE Writing Centre Online. Retrieved from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ioe-writing-centre on 11 January 2019.
Step 4:
Add your own comment (Optional)
最后一步就是添加你自己的观点，也是可以选择的一项。
这一点主要是表达你的个人观点：
* 你支持这个观点吗？
* 你反对这个观点吗？为什么（连接下文讨论）
* 这个观点有什么不足？
或是：
* 对上下文进行注释
* 添加另一个批判性评论
小贴士
这一点要根据专业和写作类型随机应变哦，不是广泛适用于所有论文的，例如case summary就不需要作者个人的观点和意向。
还是同一段话作为例子，高亮部分为个人观点
Example: Adding your own comment
The responsibility for learning how to reference correctly and avoid plagiarism tends to be passed from the university to the students, as Sutherland-Smith (2010:9) found, through her study of eighteen policies on plagiarism from different universities. She points out that many universities provide self-access resources for students to try to learn more about this area. An example of this can be found on the website 'Writing Centre Online' (UCL IOE Academic Writing Centre, n.d.), which includes a 'Beginners Guide' page with step by step instructions on avoiding plagiarism, as well as various links to referencing and plagiarism resources. Despite this type of provision, Sutherland-Smith observes, the support provided is, on the whole, inadequate. It is interesting to note that this inadequacy can be seen at both an institutional level and from a student perspective, which will have implications as discussed in the following section. Sutherland-Smith expands further to explain that this inadequacy is partly because the advice provided is not specific enough for each student, and partly because distance students will often receive even less support, possibly, we could note, as they are wholly reliant on online materials. She concludes that these issues carry implications for the decisions around plagiarism management, as some students may receive more assistance than others, leading to questions of inequity. It could be considered that inequities are a particularly important issue in discussions of plagiarism management, given that controls on plagiarism could be seen, in principle, as intended to make the system fairer.
References
Sutherland-Smith, W. 2010. 'Retribution, deterrence and reform: the dilemmas of plagiarism management in universities', Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 32:1 5-16. Available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13600800903440519 ( Accessed on 11 January 2019).
UCL IOE Academic Writing Centre. n.d. Writing Centre Online.Retrieved from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ioe-writing-centre on 11 January 2019.
最后榜样君要强调一下，改写并不是单单替换同义词句，而是要在真正理解文献之后，联系上下文，抓住作者的中心思想。
我们写论文的目的不在于自己提出前无古人后无来者的理论观点，而是仔细分析前人的理论，提出自己的批判性见解。
虽然改替换词是我们避免查重率的一个手段，但是很多同义词往往不具备替换概念的能力，反而会曲解你的表述。
当然，在用自己的意思转述完文献后，难免有些词用的不准确。在这里，榜样君推荐一个网站Thesaurus，供大家查询同义词反义词。
希望同学们在查询过程中，一定遵守“理解-自己组织语言-同义词改写”的步骤，避免学术不端哦。
好了，避免论文抄袭的四个步骤就介绍到这里啦。希望能帮助到大家，解答同学们写论文的一些疑惑。
祝大家的论文都能顺利拿到高分呢！
References:
2.https://writingcenter.ashford.edu/steps-avoiding-plagiarism
3.http://en.writecheck.com/ways-to-avoid-plagiarism/
4.https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ioe-writing-centre/reference-effectively-avoid-plagiarism/avoiding-plagiarism
作者：榜样君慧子
出处：榜样网GETOP（ID：bygetop）
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