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<strong>Taxonomy</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
C<strong>of</strong>fee Plant<br />
1
Welcome to our Seminar<br />
Block1<br />
Lesson B1.1<br />
2
3
The taxonomy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee <strong>plant</strong><br />
Classification <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
Morphological characteristics <strong>of</strong> different varieties<br />
Source Wikipedia<br />
4
This lection will give an introduction on <strong>the</strong> botany <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee <strong>plant</strong>s. It will give an overview on <strong>plant</strong><br />
taxonomy and will cover <strong>the</strong> placement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genus C<strong>of</strong>fea within that hierarchical system <strong>of</strong> botanical<br />
nomenclature.<br />
I will introduce <strong>the</strong> main species that are used commercially in <strong>the</strong> genus C<strong>of</strong>fea, which includes C<strong>of</strong>fea<br />
arabica, also called Arabica, and C<strong>of</strong>fea canephora, also called Robusta.<br />
Lastly this lection will also introduce important varieties and how varieties can be distinguished by<br />
morphological characteristics, called traits.<br />
5
Part 1<br />
Classification<br />
• C. arabica and C. canephora<br />
• Where does c<strong>of</strong>fee belong in <strong>the</strong> world<br />
<strong>of</strong> botany?<br />
• What is taxonomy?<br />
• C<strong>of</strong>fee species <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world<br />
6
7
C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica<br />
Arabica c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica L.<br />
• Originally from SW-Ethiopia (montane forests)<br />
• Adapted to high lands (high altitude)<br />
• Cultivation in Brazil and Colombia<br />
• Many varieties, e.g. Typica, Bourbon etc.<br />
• Height: 2 - 6 m, <strong>of</strong>ten bushy growth<br />
• Crop after 3 - 5 years<br />
• Age in <strong>plant</strong>ation 30 – 50 years (in nature > 80)<br />
• Around 60 % <strong>of</strong> world c<strong>of</strong>fee production<br />
• Susceptible to diseases<br />
• Optimal temperature for vegetative growth (C<strong>of</strong>fea):<br />
day: 23 – 28 °C, night: 18 – 23 °C<br />
• Weak-bodied, acidic, aromatic<br />
Forest & Kim Starr<br />
Forrest & Kim Starr<br />
Wikipedia<br />
Marcelo Corrêa<br />
Marcelo Corrêa<br />
J.M. Hullot<br />
Fernando Rebêlo<br />
Fernando Rebelo<br />
8
C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica originated from southwest Ethiopia, where it still inhabits <strong>the</strong> montane forest on each side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
Great rift valley. As it grows up to 2800 meters in its original habitat, it is adapted to high altitudes. But after<br />
Arabica c<strong>of</strong>fee was spread all over <strong>the</strong> world it is nowadays cultivated for example in Brazil at low altitudes and<br />
in <strong>the</strong> Andean mountains <strong>of</strong> Colombia, which are <strong>the</strong> two main producers <strong>of</strong> Arabica c<strong>of</strong>fee. Arabica c<strong>of</strong>fee is<br />
differentiated in many varieties that are grown in different parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world. The two oldest varieties that have<br />
spread around <strong>the</strong> world in <strong>the</strong> 18 th century were Typica and Bourbon and <strong>the</strong>y are still grown today in few<br />
regions, e.g. in Guatemala. These renowned varieties are discussed later in more detail as <strong>the</strong>y were <strong>the</strong> basis<br />
for c<strong>of</strong>fee cultivation in <strong>the</strong> 18 th and 19 th century. The height <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong> can be several meters but in order to<br />
facilitate harvest <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cherries, it is <strong>of</strong>ten grown as a bush. So <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong> is cut at <strong>the</strong> top in order to have it not<br />
growing higher than 2 meters. After <strong>plant</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tree, a small crop can be expected after 3 years and <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>plant</strong> will become fully productive only after five years in <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong>ation. The age <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong>ation is between 30<br />
to 50 years, but <strong>of</strong> course it can grow much older, but it loses productivity and it is more favourable to cut it<br />
down. In nature c<strong>of</strong>fee can get older than 80 years, which however depends on <strong>the</strong> competitive strength <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
individual <strong>plant</strong>. In terms <strong>of</strong> production, 60% <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee is produced as Arabica c<strong>of</strong>fee, which is also sold at much<br />
higher prices compared to Robusta c<strong>of</strong>fee, which covers <strong>the</strong> remaining 40%. The main disadvantage <strong>of</strong><br />
Arabica c<strong>of</strong>fee is its susceptibility to diseases, especially c<strong>of</strong>fee leaf rust and c<strong>of</strong>fee berry disease (which only<br />
occurs in Africa till now).<br />
9
C<strong>of</strong>fea canephora<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea canephora Pierre ex. Froehn.<br />
• Originally from western and central Africa<br />
• Adapted to hot climate (tropical lowlands)<br />
• Cultivation in Vietnam, Indonesia, India, Ivory Coast<br />
• Few varieties, e.g. Robusta, Kouilou<br />
• Height: up to 8 m, <strong>of</strong>ten bushy growth<br />
• Crop after 3 - 5 years<br />
• Age in <strong>plant</strong>ation 30 – 50 years (in nature >80)<br />
• Around 40 % <strong>of</strong> world c<strong>of</strong>fee production<br />
• Resistant to diseases<br />
• Full-bodied, more bitter, less aromatic, less acidic<br />
Wouter Hagens<br />
Jeevan Jose<br />
Namas Bhojani<br />
C. Barbedo<br />
Source Wikipedia<br />
10
C<strong>of</strong>fea canephora is commonly known as Robusta c<strong>of</strong>fee. Although Robusta was only <strong>the</strong> name for one cultivar<br />
in central Africa, <strong>the</strong> whole species is now commonly known by that name. Robusta is adapted to <strong>the</strong> tropical<br />
lowland <strong>of</strong> Central and western Africa, but it was originally detected and described in <strong>the</strong> uplands <strong>of</strong> Ethiopia.<br />
Being an important species for c<strong>of</strong>fee cultivation, Robusta is now grown in many more areas outside Africa -<br />
especially in Vietnam and Indonesia. However, for Robusta it is harder to distinguish varieties, but ra<strong>the</strong>r<br />
cultivars with loose regional connections became a name, e.g. Robusta and Kouilou. The tree grows more than<br />
10 meter, but it is <strong>of</strong>ten cultivated ra<strong>the</strong>r bushy in <strong>plant</strong>ations to facilitate harvesting <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> cherries. Ano<strong>the</strong>r<br />
similarity to Arabica c<strong>of</strong>fee is <strong>the</strong> time before a first crop can be harvested, which is around 3 years. However,<br />
Robusta is much more productive than Arabica, yet <strong>the</strong> age in <strong>plant</strong>ation does not differ much as also Robusta<br />
loses productivity with age. Robusta also produces c<strong>of</strong>fee with lower quality than Arabica and is grown to a<br />
lesser extent than Arabica, which is approximately 40% <strong>of</strong> yearly c<strong>of</strong>fee production. Robusta is <strong>of</strong>ten used in<br />
blends and to produce instant c<strong>of</strong>fee.<br />
11
Where does c<strong>of</strong>fee belong?<br />
Order: Gentianales<br />
The Gentianales consits <strong>of</strong> 5 families, among <strong>the</strong>m<br />
• Gentianaceae: Gentian family<br />
• Apocynaceae: Dogbane family (e.g. oleander)<br />
gentian<br />
• Rubiacecae (common madder, yellow bedstraw, sweetscented bedstraw)<br />
oleander<br />
sweetscented bedstraw<br />
−<br />
Cinchonoideae (Cinchona - Jesuit's bark)<br />
−<br />
Cinchona<br />
Rubioideae (Rubia - madder; Morinda - Indian mulberry)<br />
−<br />
Ixoroideae (Gardenia jasmonides ; C<strong>of</strong>fea)<br />
Rubia<br />
Subfamily Ixoroideae:<br />
• 15 tribes, e.g. C<strong>of</strong>feeae<br />
• 15 genera, one is C<strong>of</strong>fea<br />
Gardenia<br />
Morinda<br />
• This genus C<strong>of</strong>fea includes 125 species, thus 125 different c<strong>of</strong>fee species, but only 2 commercialized.<br />
12
In order to classify <strong>the</strong> position <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee in <strong>the</strong> Kingdom <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong>s, one usually looks at close relatives within <strong>the</strong><br />
<strong>plant</strong> order or within <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong> family. The order Gentiales consists <strong>of</strong> 5 families, among <strong>the</strong>m <strong>the</strong> family Rubiaceae,<br />
Gentianaceae and Apocynaceae.<br />
Within <strong>the</strong> Rubiaceae, three subfamilies are distinguished. One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> subfamilies is Cinchonoideae, where one<br />
known medicinal product is <strong>the</strong> Jesuit’s bark (or Cinchona bark). Those Cinchona trees or bushes have bitter tasting<br />
bark, which was already discovered by <strong>the</strong> Quechua people <strong>of</strong> Peru. Therefore, <strong>the</strong>y used to be cultivated to extract<br />
quinines from its bark to treat malaria and fever or it was also used in bitter lemon. Nowadays quinines are<br />
syn<strong>the</strong>sized chemically.<br />
Within <strong>the</strong> Rubioideae, one known <strong>plant</strong> is <strong>the</strong> noni tree (Morinda citrifolia or Indian mulberry), which is used in<br />
traditional Chinese medicine. Noni juice contains many active phytochemicals that also was a reason for its<br />
commercialization. Ano<strong>the</strong>r important species is <strong>the</strong> genus Rubia, where some species were used as dyes, e.g.<br />
common madder (Rubia tinctorum or dyer's madder) as a traditional coloring <strong>plant</strong>. The roots contain red colorant,<br />
which were used already in ancient Roman times and <strong>the</strong> eponymous term Rubia is latin for red that gave <strong>the</strong> name<br />
to <strong>the</strong> family.<br />
Within <strong>the</strong> third genus Ixoroideae, Gardenia is closest related genus to c<strong>of</strong>fee. This genus consists <strong>of</strong> small,<br />
evergreen shrubs and because <strong>of</strong> its heavily fragrant, white flowers, <strong>plant</strong>s <strong>of</strong> this genus are widely used in gardens<br />
in warm climates. Within <strong>the</strong> Ixoroideae 15 tribes are distinguished, where<strong>of</strong> one is C<strong>of</strong>feeae. The tribe C<strong>of</strong>feeae in<br />
turn contains 15 genera, where<strong>of</strong> one is C<strong>of</strong>fea. Within <strong>the</strong> genus C<strong>of</strong>fea 125 species <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee are included,<br />
where<strong>of</strong> only 2 species are used economically.<br />
13
Where does c<strong>of</strong>fee belong?<br />
Family: Rubiaceae<br />
• 610 genera with around 13.000 species (Davis et al. 2009)<br />
• Cosmopolitan distribution<br />
− Mainly in tropics and subtropics<br />
− Only few species in temperate and colder climate zones<br />
• In (sub-)tropics: bushes or trees<br />
• In our latitudes mainly growing as annual herbes<br />
Family Rubiaceae first described in 1789 by French botanist<br />
Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu<br />
(2. April 1748, Lyon – 17. September 1836, Paris)<br />
Description <strong>of</strong> this family in his main work<br />
Genera <strong>plant</strong>arum<br />
− Based on correlating traits<br />
− Advancement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> binomial<br />
nomenclature <strong>of</strong> Carl von Linné<br />
Source Wikipedia<br />
14
Botanists have described 610 genera with around 13.000 species in <strong>the</strong> Rubiaceae family. The Rubiaceae<br />
have a cosmopolitan distribution (see red fields on <strong>the</strong> map). Cosmopolitan is a biogeographical term and<br />
means that species <strong>of</strong> this family are found across all or most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> world in <strong>the</strong>ir respective appropriate<br />
habitats. These habitats are mainly in warmer places <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> tropics and <strong>the</strong> subtropics with few exceptions<br />
growing in <strong>the</strong> temperate zone or even in colder climates.<br />
The Rubiaceae are morphologically easily recognizable as a coherent group by a combination <strong>of</strong> characters<br />
or traits: opposite leaves that are simple and entire, interpetiolar stipules, tubular sympetalous<br />
actinomorphic corollas and an inferior ovary. Regarding <strong>the</strong> meaning <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se traits, we will discuss <strong>the</strong>m in<br />
more detail in a following section. The most common growth form in this family are shrubs, but also trees,<br />
lianas or herbs are described. In our latitudes members <strong>of</strong> this family grow as herbs, e.g. sweetscented<br />
bedstraw is a flowering perennial <strong>plant</strong> that only grows during <strong>the</strong> summer, while it overwinters as seed.<br />
Rubiaceae was first described by French botanist Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, who named and grouped<br />
<strong>plant</strong>s <strong>of</strong> this family in his main work titled “Genera <strong>plant</strong>arum”. His grouping <strong>of</strong> species in this family was<br />
based on correlating traits, e.g. opposite leaves and stipules. This interlinking correlation <strong>of</strong> different traits<br />
was also an advancement compared to <strong>the</strong> system <strong>of</strong> Carl from Linné.<br />
15
Taxonmy or „Who belongs where“?<br />
The Principle <strong>of</strong> hierarchical classification<br />
category<br />
Kingdom<br />
Phylum<br />
Subphylum<br />
Class<br />
Subclass<br />
Order<br />
Family<br />
Subfamily<br />
Tribe<br />
Genus<br />
Species C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica, L.<br />
Taxon<br />
Plantae (<strong>plant</strong>s)<br />
Magnoliaphyta (seed <strong>plant</strong>s)<br />
Angiospermae<br />
Dikotyledoneae<br />
Asteridae<br />
Gentianales<br />
Rubiaceae<br />
Ixoroideae<br />
C<strong>of</strong>feeae<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea<br />
genus name<br />
specific epi<strong>the</strong>t<br />
author, who has described<br />
species<br />
based on morphological traits<br />
Binomial name<br />
→ International Code <strong>of</strong> Botanical Nomenclature<br />
Carl von Linné<br />
Quelle: Cole and Hilger 2009<br />
16
Carl von Linné was <strong>the</strong> “fa<strong>the</strong>r <strong>of</strong> modern taxonomy” as he introduced a strict and formalised way to classify<br />
species according to <strong>the</strong> binomial nomenclature, which is still used today. Using this system, species were<br />
named by giving a latin name composed <strong>of</strong> two parts, where <strong>the</strong> first part is <strong>the</strong> genus it belongs to and <strong>the</strong><br />
second is <strong>the</strong> specific epi<strong>the</strong>t that identifies <strong>the</strong> species. This way <strong>of</strong> naming is <strong>the</strong> international code <strong>of</strong><br />
botanical nomenclature<br />
For Arabica c<strong>of</strong>fee <strong>the</strong> latin name is C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica, where C<strong>of</strong>fea depicts <strong>the</strong> genus name and arabica is<br />
<strong>the</strong> epi<strong>the</strong>t. At <strong>the</strong> end <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> name comes <strong>the</strong> author, who was <strong>the</strong> first person that has described <strong>the</strong><br />
species. In case <strong>of</strong> Arabica it is L., abbreviated from Linné.<br />
Using this binomial structure, <strong>the</strong> concept <strong>of</strong> grouping species in larger groups or taxa based on common<br />
traits became possible. All <strong>plant</strong>s are grouped in <strong>the</strong> taxon Kingdom Plantae, all seed <strong>plant</strong>s in <strong>the</strong> Phylum<br />
Magnoliaphyta and so on, always moving to units that contain fewer species. There are many taxa until we<br />
arrive at <strong>the</strong> species level <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee, e.g. Subphylum, Class, Subclass, Order, Family, Subfamiliy, Tribe and<br />
Genus.<br />
Genus is <strong>the</strong> smallest group and <strong>the</strong> first part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> latin name. All species within that genus keep that<br />
name. Therefore all living organisms have a latin name, e.g. <strong>the</strong> human species Homo sapiens sapiens.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> picture to <strong>the</strong> left, a taxonomic tree (because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> many branches) is depicted that shows an<br />
overview <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> known <strong>plant</strong> families today.<br />
17
Phylogenetics<br />
Eudicots, Asterids, Euasterids I, Gentianales, Rubiaceae<br />
Quelle: Cole and Hilger 2009<br />
18
In order to classify <strong>the</strong> position <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee in <strong>the</strong> Kingdom <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong>s, one usually looks at close relatives<br />
within <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong> order or within <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong> family. This magnified view shows <strong>the</strong> Rubiaceae (red arrow) being<br />
part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> order Gentiales, which consists <strong>of</strong> 5 families. Within <strong>the</strong> closely related Gentianaceae known<br />
species are <strong>the</strong> gentians, which are used ornamentally and for medicinal purposes. Within <strong>the</strong><br />
Apocynaceae or dogbane family olander is a known species from <strong>the</strong> Mediterranean region, which is<br />
widespread as a garden <strong>plant</strong> where all parts <strong>of</strong> this <strong>plant</strong> are poisonous. Loganicacae and Gelsemiaceae<br />
are <strong>of</strong> lower importance due to <strong>the</strong>ir small number <strong>of</strong> <strong>plant</strong> species.<br />
This ra<strong>the</strong>r new tree from Cole and Hilger 2009 forms <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>plant</strong> phylogenetics and has become <strong>the</strong><br />
scientific standard at least on <strong>the</strong> family level. Since 1998, a large group <strong>of</strong> botanists (Angiosperm<br />
phylogeny group, APG) have created this standard <strong>of</strong> classification based on molecular methods (DNA<br />
sequencing) that were published in several papers.<br />
However, recent research led by A. P. Davis brought some changes to <strong>the</strong> composition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> genus C<strong>of</strong>fea<br />
and <strong>the</strong>y proposed an expansion from formerly 103 to now 125 species <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee in this genus. But no<br />
matter how good <strong>the</strong> scientific data are, every classification is man made and to some extent artificial.<br />
None<strong>the</strong>less, any groupings are important to reduce complexity. And by doing so, a system <strong>of</strong> different<br />
hierarchical levels is generated. The higher up this level is, <strong>the</strong> larger <strong>the</strong> group <strong>of</strong> species become and <strong>the</strong><br />
less commonalities <strong>the</strong> members <strong>of</strong> this group have. But ultimately, <strong>the</strong>re is <strong>the</strong> need to have clear species<br />
borders, in order to have a base entity that can be grouped in larger units.<br />
19
All 125 c<strong>of</strong>fee species <strong>of</strong> genus C<strong>of</strong>fea!<br />
International Plant Names Index database<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea abbayesii J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea affinis De Wild.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea alleizettii Dubard<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea ambanjensis J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea ambongenis J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea andrambovatensis J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea ankaranensis J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea anthonyi St<strong>of</strong>f. & F.Anthony<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica L.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea arenesiana J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea augagneurii Dubard<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea bakossii Cheek & Bridson<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea benghalensis B.Heyne ex Schult.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea bertrandii A.Chev.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea betamponensis Portères & J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea bissetiae A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea boinensis A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea boiviniana A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea bonnieri Dubard<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea brassii (J.-F.Leroy) A.P.Davis<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea brevipes Hiern<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea bridsoniae A.P.Davis & Mvungi<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea buxifolia A.Chev.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea carrissoi A.Chev.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea charrieriana St<strong>of</strong>f. & F.Anthony<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea cochinchinensis Pierre ex Pit.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea commersoniana (Baill.) A.Chev.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea congensis A.Froehner<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea costatifructa Bridson<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea coursiana J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea dactylifera Robbr. & St<strong>of</strong>f.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea decaryana J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea dubardii Jum.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea ebracteolata (Hiern) Brenan<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea eugenioides S.Moore<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea fadenii Bridson<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea farafanganensis J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea floresiana Boerl.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea fotsoana St<strong>of</strong>f. & Sonké<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea fragilis J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea fragrans Wall. ex Hook.f.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea gallienii Dubard<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea grevei Drake ex A.Chev.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea heimii J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea homollei J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea horsfieldiana Miq.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea humbertii J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea humblotiana Baill.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea humilis A.Chev.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea jumellei J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea kapakata (A.Chev.) Bridson<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea kianjavatensis J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea kihansiensis A.P.Davis & Mvungi<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea kimbozensis Bridson<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea kivuensis Lebrun<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea labatii A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea lancifolia A.Chev.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea lebruniana Germ. & Kester<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea leonimontana St<strong>of</strong>f.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea leroyi A.P.Davis<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea liaudii J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea liberica Hiern<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea ligustroides S.Moore<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea littoralis A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea lulandoensis Bridson<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea mabesae (Elmer) J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea macrocarpa A.Rich.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea madurensis Teijsm. & Binn. ex Koord.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea magnistipula St<strong>of</strong>f. & Robbr.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea malabarica (Sivar., Biju & P.Ma<strong>the</strong>w) A.P.Davis<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea mangoroensis Portères<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea mannii (Hook.f.) A.P.Davis<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea manombensis A.P.Davis<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea mapiana Sonké, Nguembou & A.P.Davis<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea mauritiana Lam.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea mayombensis A.Chev.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea mcphersonii A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea melanocarpa Welw. ex Hiern<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea merguensis Ridl.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea millotii J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea minutiflora A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea mogenetii Dubard<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea mongensis Bridson<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea montekupensis St<strong>of</strong>f.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea montis-sacri A.P.Davis<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea moratii J.-F.Leroy ex A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea mufindiensis Hutch. ex Bridson<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea myrtifolia (A.Rich. ex DC.) J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea namorokensis A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea neobridsoniae A.P.Davis<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea neoleroyi A.P.Davis<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea perrieri Drake ex Jum. & H.Perrier<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea pervilleana (Baill.) Drake<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea pocsii Bridson<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea pseudozanguebariae Bridson<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea pterocarpa A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea racemosa Lour.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea rakotonasoloi A.P.Davis<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea ratsimamangae J.-F.Leroy ex<br />
A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea resinosa (Hook.f.) Radlk.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea rhamnifolia (Chiov.) Bridson<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea richardii J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea sahafaryensis J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea sakarahae J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea salvatrix Swynn. & Philipson<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea sambavensis J.-F.Leroy ex<br />
A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea sapinii (De Wild.) A.P.Davis<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea schliebenii Bridson<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea semsei (Bridson) A.P.Davis<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea sessiliflora Bridson<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea stenophylla G.Don<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea tetragona Jum. & H.Perrier<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea togoensis A.Chev.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea toshii A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea travancorensis Wight & Arn.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea tricalysioides J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea tsirananae J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea vatovavyensis J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea vavateninensis J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea vianneyi J.-F.Leroy<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea vohemarensis A.P.Davis & Rakotonas.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn.<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea zanguebariae Lour.<br />
http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do<br />
Kew, Royal botanical gardens,<br />
Okt. 2014<br />
20
Plants are usually grouped in one genus based on common traits that justifies <strong>the</strong>ir close relationship within<br />
that group. The smallest scientific relevant group is a species. A species is by definition a group <strong>of</strong> natural<br />
populations, whose group members have <strong>the</strong> ability <strong>of</strong> reproduction, producing fertile <strong>of</strong>fspring. This is also<br />
called a reproductive community. If reproduction is no longer possible, e.g. in <strong>plant</strong>s by a change in <strong>the</strong><br />
flower morphology <strong>of</strong> an individual, this could be <strong>the</strong> basis to form a new species.<br />
However, always a combination <strong>of</strong> morphological traits are used in botanical classification. Closely related<br />
species do not necessarily resemble each o<strong>the</strong>r, but as long as <strong>the</strong>y share important traits, <strong>the</strong> relationship<br />
is easy to recognize. This also applies for C<strong>of</strong>fea, where not all species are looking similar, as some are<br />
very small trees, wheras o<strong>the</strong>rs are very large ones, which depends on <strong>the</strong> ecological niche <strong>the</strong>y exploit.<br />
Especially for genera <strong>of</strong> worldwide distribution, ecology is a far more relevant force to shape <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong><br />
compared to its genetic heritage. For instance, Rubiaceae have many tree species in <strong>the</strong> (sub)tropics,<br />
whereas in <strong>the</strong> temperate regions <strong>the</strong>y are herbs in order to survive <strong>the</strong> winter as seed.<br />
This is an overview <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 125 species that are now forming <strong>the</strong> genus C<strong>of</strong>fea, which is also depicted in <strong>the</strong><br />
first part <strong>of</strong> all <strong>the</strong> latin names. The two relevant species in terms <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee production are C. arabica and C.<br />
canephora (marked in red). C<strong>of</strong>fea liberica is used only marginally for c<strong>of</strong>fee production, partly because <strong>of</strong><br />
its large beans. O<strong>the</strong>r species are grown only for local consumption, e.g. species on Madagascar.<br />
21
Traits for <strong>the</strong> classification <strong>of</strong> <strong>plant</strong>s<br />
or how to distinguish c<strong>of</strong>fee from o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>plant</strong>s.<br />
Morphology <strong>of</strong> C<strong>of</strong>fea<br />
Ecology,<br />
pollination ecology<br />
Flower traits = reproductive traits<br />
Flower structure: white, radial symmetry<br />
with five petals, forming a tube at <strong>the</strong> base.<br />
Inflorescence: many flowers in clusters in<br />
<strong>the</strong> axils <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> leaves<br />
Form <strong>of</strong> fruits: red drupe containing<br />
usually two seeds<br />
Genetic analysis<br />
-<br />
Genetic aspect<br />
becomes more<br />
and more<br />
important!<br />
Biochemical<br />
analysis,<br />
metabolism<br />
Secondary <strong>plant</strong> metabolites<br />
Chemistry - chemotaxonomy<br />
Morphology <strong>of</strong> C<strong>of</strong>fea<br />
Vegetative traits<br />
Leaves: leaves with smooth margins<br />
Phyllotaxy: leaves attached opposite<br />
Branching: opposite pattern<br />
Habitus: shrub or small tree<br />
Fossil botany<br />
Embryology<br />
22
Several traits can be exploited to classify <strong>plant</strong>s, and traditional ones are based on <strong>plant</strong> morphology, which<br />
studies <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong> form and <strong>the</strong>ir specific structural features. Here, botanists distinguish vegetative traits like <strong>the</strong><br />
appearance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> leaves (C<strong>of</strong>fea: leaves with smooth margins and <strong>the</strong> shape is elliptic-ovate to oblong), <strong>plant</strong><br />
growth = habitus (C<strong>of</strong>fea: shrub or a small tree), phyllotaxy (C<strong>of</strong>fea: opposite growth, where two leaves attach at<br />
each point (node) on <strong>the</strong> branch), branching pattern <strong>of</strong> a tree (C<strong>of</strong>fea: opposite again) or specific structures <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
stem (no specific trait for C<strong>of</strong>fea). Next, an important source <strong>of</strong> information lies in <strong>the</strong> morphology <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> flowers.<br />
As those traits are <strong>of</strong> reproductive importance, already small deviations from <strong>the</strong> mean could have an immediate<br />
effect on forming new species. Here, structure (C<strong>of</strong>fea: white flowers, radial symmetry (identical parts are<br />
arranged in a circular fashion around a central axis), 5 petals (modified leaves that surround <strong>the</strong> reproductive<br />
parts, <strong>of</strong>ten coloured to attract pollination) that form a tube (<strong>the</strong> base <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> petals are fused) and <strong>the</strong> actual<br />
appearance as inflorescence (C<strong>of</strong>fea : flowers grow in clusters (= inflorescence) in <strong>the</strong> axils <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> leaves) as well<br />
as <strong>the</strong> resulting fruits (C<strong>of</strong>fea: red drupe in <strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> a cherry that contains usually two seeds) are important.<br />
Next to morphology also ecology can give hints on <strong>the</strong> relationship <strong>of</strong> a species. Or that closely related species<br />
share certain secondary <strong>plant</strong> metabolites, which serve a certain purpose in <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong>, e.g. nicotine was invented<br />
for defense purposes. The resulting taxonomy is <strong>the</strong>refore also called chemotaxonomy, which is in turn closely<br />
related to biochemical analyses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> metabolism <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong> that is also similar among closely related species.<br />
Embryology could be used, where <strong>the</strong> development <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> embryo is used to study its origin. Fossil botany in turn<br />
is used to judge <strong>the</strong> age <strong>of</strong> a trait. If a certain trait was already present in fossils this trait (symplesiomorph) has<br />
been developed a long time ago and is likely shared by many species, compared to a ra<strong>the</strong>r new trait (apomorph)<br />
that has originated only recently based on an “invention”.<br />
More recently, genetic analyses or molecular methods in general are becoming more and more relevant in<br />
determining <strong>the</strong> classification <strong>of</strong> life on earth, e.g. <strong>the</strong> already mentioned new classification <strong>of</strong> angiosperms by <strong>the</strong><br />
APG was based <strong>of</strong> DNA sequencing.<br />
23
Genus C<strong>of</strong>fea<br />
103 species on <strong>the</strong> African continent<br />
Natural occurrence <strong>of</strong> genus C<strong>of</strong>fea<br />
• 41 endemic species in Africa<br />
• 59 endemic species on Madagascar<br />
• 3 endemic species on Mascarene islands, e.g. Mauritius<br />
Center with highest diversity<br />
• Madagascar (evergreen, humid rain forests)<br />
• Cameroon (16 species)<br />
• Tanzania (14 species)<br />
Widespread species (beverage species)<br />
• C. canephora und C. liberica<br />
Natural range <strong>of</strong> C. arabica is pretty small, only in Ethiopia.<br />
International Union for Conservation <strong>of</strong> Nature and Natural Resource<br />
• Critically Endangered: in Africa and Madagascar: 7 species each<br />
• Endangered: in Africa 6 species, in Madagascar 28 species, on <strong>the</strong> Mascarene islands 1 species (e.g. C. charrieriana)<br />
• Vulnerable: in Africa 13 species, in Madagascar 8 species, on <strong>the</strong> Mascarene islands 2 species (e.g. C. arabica)<br />
• Near threatened: in Africa 6 species, in Madagascar 7 species (e.g. C. canephora, C. liberica, C. congensis, C. eugenioidis)<br />
• Least concern: in Africa 8 species; in Madagascar 6 species<br />
Wikipedia<br />
Davis AP et al, Botanical Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Linnean Society, 2006, 152, 465–512<br />
24
As already mentioned, 125 species are combined in <strong>the</strong> genus C<strong>of</strong>fea. The genus originated on <strong>the</strong> African<br />
continent, where 103 species occur naturally. Arabica and Robusta are grown in <strong>plant</strong>ations within <strong>the</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
belt all over <strong>the</strong> world having extended <strong>the</strong>ir range drastically. From those 103 species, 41 species are endemic<br />
in Africa, 59 endemic on Madagascar and 3 endemic on <strong>the</strong> Mascarene islands (endemic means that <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
natural occurrence is restricted to a certain area).<br />
Speaking about diversity, Madagascar is a hotspot with 59 species. This high diversity is due to <strong>the</strong> many<br />
different habitats within <strong>the</strong> evergreen humid rain forests on that island. O<strong>the</strong>r regions with high diversity are<br />
Cameroon with 16 species and Tanzania with 14 species. O<strong>the</strong>r species are also widespread in Africa, such as<br />
Robusta and C. liberica, which are used as beverage species. Therefore, those two species were cultivated in<br />
many areas <strong>of</strong> Africa for local consumption, that resulted in a wider distribution long before <strong>the</strong> European<br />
colonization started. However, <strong>the</strong> natural range <strong>of</strong> Arabica is small as it only grows naturally in <strong>the</strong> highlands <strong>of</strong><br />
Ethiopia. Here is <strong>the</strong> center <strong>of</strong> its natural biodiversity and <strong>the</strong> cherries collected <strong>the</strong>re are commercialized as<br />
heirloom c<strong>of</strong>fee.<br />
The natural habitat is shrinking not only for Arabica in Ethiopia, but most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee species are under threat,<br />
according to <strong>the</strong> IUCN (International Union for Conservation <strong>of</strong> Nature and Natural Resource).<br />
The IUCN Red List classifies species into nine groups, set through criteria such as rate <strong>of</strong> decline, population<br />
size, area <strong>of</strong> geographic distribution, and degree <strong>of</strong> population and distribution fragmentation. Regarding c<strong>of</strong>fee,<br />
14 species are critically endangered, which means <strong>the</strong>y face extremely high risk <strong>of</strong> extinction in <strong>the</strong> wild, while<br />
35 species are endangered (= have high risk <strong>of</strong> extinction in <strong>the</strong> wild). 23 species are vulnerable in <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
existence (including Arabica), facing high risk <strong>of</strong> endangerment in <strong>the</strong> wild, while 13 species are near threatened<br />
(including Robusta) meaning <strong>the</strong>y are likely to become endangered in <strong>the</strong> near future. Only 14 c<strong>of</strong>fee species<br />
are classified with least concern (= <strong>the</strong>y do not face a threat, but are widespread and abundant)<br />
25
Expansion <strong>of</strong> C<strong>of</strong>fea<br />
area <strong>of</strong> origin in 'Lower Guinea', LG<br />
Diversification in genus C<strong>of</strong>fea happened presumably in second half <strong>of</strong><br />
Mid Pleistocene (450‘000 – 100‘000 years before present)<br />
LG = Lower Guinea,<br />
UG = Upper Guinea,<br />
C = Congo,<br />
E-CA = East-Central Africa,<br />
EA = East Africa<br />
Later, continental cross to India, Asia and Australia<br />
Anthony et al. (2010) Plant<br />
Syst Evol 285, 51–64<br />
Maurin et al. (2007) Ann.<br />
Bot., 100: 1565–1583<br />
26
According to genetic analyses <strong>of</strong> different c<strong>of</strong>fee species, a relationship among <strong>the</strong> species were proposed and<br />
how c<strong>of</strong>fee evolved in <strong>the</strong> past. This attempt has been made by several research groups, e.g. Maurin et al. 2007<br />
and Anthony et al. 2010. The more similar <strong>the</strong> genome <strong>of</strong> two species is, <strong>the</strong> closer <strong>the</strong>y are related. More<br />
genetic differences between <strong>the</strong>m suggests that <strong>the</strong>y are more distantly related.<br />
Maurin et al. deduced several clades (or groups) <strong>of</strong> closer related species from <strong>the</strong>ir phylogenetic analyses that<br />
also match a certain geographic distribution (see phylogenetic tree, where certain species grow in a restricted<br />
area). The resulting distribution map <strong>of</strong> C<strong>of</strong>fea (on <strong>the</strong> left) shows <strong>the</strong> location <strong>of</strong> those groups: UG = Upper<br />
Guinea clade (West Africa); LG/C = Lower Guinea/ Congolian clade (Lower Guinea and Central Africa); E-CA =<br />
East-Central Africa clade; EA = East Africa clade; Mad = Madagascan clade; MAS = Mascarene clade. The<br />
dahomey gap named on this map is a 250 km wide belt with a much more dry climate that separates <strong>the</strong><br />
woodlands between UG and LG, which is also mirrored in <strong>the</strong> more distant relationship between <strong>the</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
species on both sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> gap.<br />
Anthony et al proposed that c<strong>of</strong>fee originated in Lower Guinea (Central Africa) in <strong>the</strong> second half <strong>of</strong> Mid<br />
Pleistocene, based on <strong>the</strong>ir findings that <strong>the</strong>re was <strong>the</strong> highest genetic diversity (map on <strong>the</strong> right). From <strong>the</strong>re<br />
<strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> Equatorial Africa and <strong>the</strong> Madagascar region as well as upper Guinea was colonized, also indicated<br />
by arrows. Actual distribution <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee is marked grey, while forest refugees areas are marked black. After that,<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee expanded naturally to India, Asia and Australia as now also species <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> former genus Psilanthus are<br />
included in C<strong>of</strong>fea.<br />
27
Utilization <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r c<strong>of</strong>fee species<br />
C. liberica (1876)<br />
«liberica alliance»: several similar species - Excelsa<br />
(C. liberica (var. liberica und var. dewevrei), C. montekupensis,<br />
C. bakossi, C. mapiana)<br />
• Originally from coast <strong>of</strong> western Africa<br />
• Tropical Africa (beverage species), also cultivated on <strong>the</strong> Philippines,<br />
Indonesia, Vietnam<br />
• Cultivation already before colonisation (long tradition)<br />
• Height up to 9 (– 25) m<br />
• Very large leaves (35 cm long, 15 cm broad)<br />
• Cherries larger and harder (compared to Arabica and Robusta)<br />
• Cherries also need longer maturation time (12 to 14 months)<br />
• Only 1 % <strong>of</strong> world c<strong>of</strong>fee production<br />
• Drought resistant<br />
A. Charrier<br />
C. liberica (Elfenbeinküste)<br />
www.sweetmarias.com<br />
A. Charrier<br />
A. Charrier<br />
C. liberica var. dewevrei (zentralafrikanische Republik)<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fee: Growing, Processing sustainable production, Wiley 2012<br />
28
Next to Arabica and Robusta, few o<strong>the</strong>r species can are commercially available, e.g. as roasted c<strong>of</strong>fee.<br />
One such species is C<strong>of</strong>fea liberica that has a trading volume <strong>of</strong> under 1 % <strong>of</strong> all c<strong>of</strong>fee. Next to Liberica<br />
also Excelsa is listed as a trade species. But recent publications from A.P. Davis suggest to group based<br />
on genetic analyses a couple <strong>of</strong> species in <strong>the</strong> “liberica alliance”, which consists <strong>of</strong> C. liberica var. liberica<br />
(actual Liberica c<strong>of</strong>fee), C. liberica var. dewevrei (formerly known as Excelsa c<strong>of</strong>fee), as well as C.<br />
montekupensis, C. bakossi and C. mapiana.<br />
Liberica c<strong>of</strong>fee originated from <strong>the</strong> coast <strong>of</strong> West Africa, but being a beverage species it is now found in<br />
most <strong>of</strong> tropical Africa and also cultivated on <strong>the</strong> Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. This is likely due to<br />
<strong>the</strong> large beans that this c<strong>of</strong>fee species produces, which is somehow correlated with high quality, even<br />
though <strong>the</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee produced from Liberica is far from <strong>the</strong> high quality that can be produced from Arabica<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee. Liberica grows as a very large tree that can grow up to 25 m. Consitently, Liberica has also very<br />
large leaves (up to 50 cm in length), which is a good identifying characteristic in <strong>the</strong> field. Being a large<br />
<strong>plant</strong>, also <strong>the</strong> cherries are a lot larger and harder compared to Robusta and Arabica. With 12 to 14 months<br />
<strong>the</strong> cherries also need a longer time for maturation.<br />
There are also some advantages in growing this species. It is rust resistant and it has a high drought<br />
tolerance, which means it can grow in most <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> drier regions on <strong>the</strong> African continent.<br />
29
Part 2<br />
Classification<br />
• Terms and definitions<br />
• Varieties <strong>of</strong> C. arabica:<br />
• Traditional varieties<br />
• Overview on well accepted varities<br />
• Varieties in C. canephora?<br />
30
31
Terms<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fee species:<br />
C. canephora Pierre ex Froehner, C. arabica L., C. liberica Bull ex Hiern<br />
• delimitation: no fertile <strong>of</strong>fspring between both<br />
• In Botany unfortunately not that clear (modern breeding methods)<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fee variety: C. arabica var. laurina, C. arabica var. bullata<br />
• Differ in low number <strong>of</strong> attributes (from <strong>the</strong> type specimen, which is reference that serves as an anchor)<br />
• No natural taxon<br />
• Attributes are biologically irrelevant (no species border)<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fee cultivar (= cultivated variety)<br />
• Referring to bred cultivars (not originated naturally!)<br />
• Selected because <strong>of</strong> certain attributes<br />
(especially taste <strong>of</strong> roasted bean)<br />
• Most Arabica varieties are cultivars!<br />
• Breeding, cross or specific selection leads to genotype.<br />
Sexual or vegetative reproduction to get identical clones:<br />
all specimen keep those typical attributes<br />
• For examples selected mutants or artificial bred hybrids<br />
C. arabica cv. Ayasa (Jemen)<br />
32
In summary only three c<strong>of</strong>fee species are <strong>of</strong> relevance when it comes to international c<strong>of</strong>fee consumption, C<strong>of</strong>fea<br />
canephora Pierre ex Froehner, C. arabica L., C. liberica Bull ex Hiern. The name (or letter) after <strong>the</strong> species<br />
refers to <strong>the</strong> author, who validly published this botanical name. In case <strong>of</strong> Arabica c<strong>of</strong>fee, it was Carl von Linné<br />
(abbreviated L.), who described <strong>the</strong> Typica variety as <strong>the</strong> reference Arabica <strong>plant</strong>, hence <strong>the</strong> name <strong>of</strong> that<br />
variety. The term “ex” means that <strong>the</strong> initial description was not sufficient or that <strong>the</strong> botanical systematic was<br />
changed. For Robusta it means that Pierre was <strong>the</strong> first to describe <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong>, but <strong>the</strong> correct and final description<br />
was done by Froehner.<br />
As already mentioned, fertility among <strong>of</strong>fspring is a characteristic for members <strong>of</strong> a species. But, especially for<br />
<strong>plant</strong>s <strong>the</strong> species border is <strong>of</strong>ten not that clear as modern breeding methods allow <strong>the</strong> formation <strong>of</strong> a wide<br />
variety <strong>of</strong> hybrids between species (e.g. Hibrido de Timor).<br />
A c<strong>of</strong>fee variety is botanically not relevant as it does not allow distinction <strong>of</strong> species. Varieties differ only in a low<br />
number <strong>of</strong> attributes compared to <strong>the</strong> reference type specimen that serves as an anchor. For Arabica, several<br />
botanically distinguishable varieties exist, e.g. C. arabica var. laurina and C. arabica var. bullata. They do not<br />
form a natural taxon, but <strong>the</strong>y can be named because <strong>of</strong> typical traits.<br />
A c<strong>of</strong>fee cultivar is made up <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> words cultivated and variety. So this terms indicates that it is also a variety,<br />
but it refers to artificially cultivated varieties that have no natural origin. They were usually selected because <strong>of</strong><br />
certain attributes that were especially favorable, e.g. for <strong>the</strong> taste <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> final c<strong>of</strong>fee cup. Nowadays most Arabica<br />
varieties are cultivars, Typica and Bourbon being <strong>the</strong> most prominent ones. Varieties are created by controlled<br />
breeding, crossing <strong>of</strong> species or by specific selection, which all lead to a certain genotype. Subsequent sexual<br />
(self-pollination) or vegetative reproduction leads to many identical clones, where all specimen <strong>of</strong> that clone keep<br />
those typical attributes. Therefore, <strong>the</strong> generation <strong>of</strong> one stable variety takes several generations and multiple<br />
selection steps, but at <strong>the</strong> end one can produce many individuals that produce <strong>the</strong> exact same quality <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
beans.<br />
33
Arabica traditional cultivars<br />
Production still based on traditional cultivars<br />
Botanically distinguishable varieties:<br />
C. arabica var. sundana (Miq.) A. Chev. , Encycl. Biol. 28: 204 (1947) nom.inval.<br />
C. arabica var. laurina Laness., Pl. Utiles Colon. Fr. 42 (1886).<br />
C. arabica var. polysperma Burck, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 4: 52 (1890).<br />
C. arabica var. amarella A.Froehner, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 263 (1898).<br />
C. arabica var. straminea Miq. ex A.Froehner, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 263 (1898).<br />
C. arabica var. maragogype A.Froehner, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25: 263 (1898).<br />
C. arabica var. angustifolia Cramer, Teysmannia 18: 224 (1907).<br />
C. arabica var. rotundifolia Ottol. ex Cramer, Teysmannia 18: 225 (1907).<br />
C. arabica var. murta Lalière, Le Café l’Etat Saint-Paul: 40 (1909).<br />
C. arabica var. bullata Cramer, Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 11: 210 (1913).<br />
C. arabica var. columnaris Ottol. ex Cramer, Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 11: 262 (1913).<br />
C. arabica var. erecta Ottol. ex Cramer, Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 11: 201 (1913).<br />
C. arabica var. mokka Cramer, Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 11: 154 (1913).<br />
C. arabica var. monosperma Ottol. & Cramer, Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 11: 186 (1913).<br />
C. arabica var. pendula Cramer, Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 11: 251 (1913).<br />
C. arabica var. purpurascens Cramer, Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 11: 201 (1913).<br />
C. arabica var. typica Cramer, Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 11: 126 (1913), nom. inval.<br />
C. arabica var. variegata Ottol. ex Cramer, Meded. Dept. Landb. Ned.-Indië 11: 209 (1913).<br />
C. arabica var. bourbon Rodr. ex Choussy, El Café: page no. unknown (1928).<br />
C. arabica var. brevistipulata Cif., Agric. Colon. 31: 521 (1937).<br />
C. arabica var. longistipulata Cif., Agric. Colon. 31: 521 (1937).<br />
C. arabica var. pubescens Cif., Agric. Colon. 31: 521 (1937).<br />
C. arabica var. abyssinica A.Chev., Encycl. Biol. 23: 198 (1947).<br />
C. arabica var. culta A.Chev., Encycl. Biol. 23: 199 (1947).<br />
C. arabica var. cultoides A.Chev., Encycl. Biol. 23: 199 (1947).<br />
C. arabica var. latifolia A.Chev., Encycl. Biol. 23: 200 (1947).<br />
Davis AP et al, Botanical Journal <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Linnean Society, 2006, 152, 465–512<br />
34
Here is a first slide that lists famous, traditional Arabica varieties (taken from Illy 2006). Some <strong>of</strong> those<br />
Arabica varieties can be distinguished botanically, e.g. C. arabica var. laurina with pointy leaves and seeds<br />
and C. arabica var. bullata with round leaves, but <strong>the</strong>y do not form a natural taxon.<br />
The two most renowned Arabica varieties are <strong>the</strong> oldest and worldwide distributed Typica and Bourbon.<br />
They were <strong>the</strong> start <strong>of</strong> many o<strong>the</strong>r varieties and <strong>the</strong>y exhibit excellent cup qualities. Some countries are<br />
famous for <strong>the</strong>ir renowned varieties that also provide excellent cup pr<strong>of</strong>iles, e.g. SL 28 and SL 34 in Kenya<br />
or Blue Mountain in Jamaica or Kona in Hawaii.<br />
O<strong>the</strong>r varieties were selected because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir higher productivity, e.g. dwarf varieties Catuai and Caturra<br />
that can be <strong>plant</strong>ed at higher densities. Both varieties are widely distributed in Central and South America,<br />
but <strong>the</strong>y are both on <strong>the</strong> downgrade due to susceptibility diseases. Also Villa Sarchi and Pacas are dwarf<br />
varieties, which are less distributed than Caturra or Catuai.<br />
Few varieties were selected because <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir higher resistance against pests and diseases, e.g. Kent in<br />
Kenya, o<strong>the</strong>r were selected because <strong>of</strong> higher yield, e.g. Mundo Novo in Brazil, Tekesik in Central America.<br />
Also in Ethiopia, several varieties became famous, named after <strong>the</strong> region where <strong>the</strong>y were grown, e.g.<br />
Jimma, Harar, Yirga Chefe.<br />
To be considered a distinct Arabica variety, <strong>the</strong> must meet some criteria<br />
• The variety is homogenous: precise description by set <strong>of</strong> characteristics and all <strong>plant</strong>s look <strong>the</strong> same.<br />
• The variety is different: It is distinguishable from o<strong>the</strong>r varieties based on <strong>the</strong> above characteristics.<br />
• The variety is stable: The variety can be reproduced in such a manner that its characteristics are<br />
unchanged in <strong>the</strong> next generation.<br />
35
C. arabica var. Bourbon<br />
C. arabica var. Typica<br />
Bourbon first cultivation in 1715, still cultivated e.g. in West Africa (Kenia, Burundi, Tanzania, Ruanda)<br />
Typica was described by Linné as typical variety: C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica var. arabica, still cultivated e.g. in<br />
Colombia, Central America, Caribbean, Papua New Guinea, Cameroon<br />
C. arabica<br />
Typica variety (worldwide)<br />
var. typica Cramer<br />
Bourbon variety (worldwide)<br />
var. bourbon (B. Rodr.) Choussy<br />
Growth and<br />
branching; leaves<br />
Larger, horizontal branches; narrower<br />
leaves, young leaves bronze-coloured<br />
compact and more upright; broader<br />
leaves, young leaves green<br />
Cherry slightly longer; bigger beans rounder Red and Yellow (also<br />
orange) fruit varieties<br />
Yield<br />
low till average, production late in <strong>the</strong><br />
year<br />
higher yield and vigour, production<br />
late in <strong>the</strong> year, early ripening<br />
Cup quality good Slightly better<br />
Important lines<br />
Blue Mountain = Typica,<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r varieties: Villa Lobos, Pache<br />
<strong>plant</strong> density: 3000-4000 a/ha<br />
SL 28, SL 34, Kenia<br />
<strong>plant</strong> density: 3000-4000 a/ha<br />
Diseases and pests susceptible to all (e.g. c<strong>of</strong>fee leaf rust) susceptible to all<br />
http://www.sweetmarias.com<br />
36
Until <strong>the</strong> 1940s, <strong>the</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee <strong>plant</strong>ations in Central America were <strong>plant</strong>ed with Typica. But because <strong>of</strong><br />
its low yield and high susceptibility to c<strong>of</strong>fee diseases, it has gradually been replaced. Today, c<strong>of</strong>fee production<br />
in Latin America is still based to a large extent on cultivars developed from Typica or Bourbon and varieties<br />
<strong>the</strong>re<strong>of</strong>. In Brazil over 95 % <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee cultivars are derived from Typica and Bourbon varieties. However, <strong>the</strong><br />
wide use <strong>of</strong> pesticides enables c<strong>of</strong>fee growers with intensive agriculture to maintain <strong>the</strong>se varieties in <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
<strong>plant</strong>ation, despite <strong>the</strong>ir susceptibility to diseases.<br />
Bourbon: The first Bourbon <strong>plant</strong>ation dates back to <strong>the</strong> early 18 th century after it was introduced on ile<br />
Bourbon (an island east <strong>of</strong> Madagascar in <strong>the</strong> Indian Ocean, now known as La Reunion) from Yemen. It is still<br />
cultivated in Africa and e.g. Guatemala and known for its high cup quality. Bourbon goes back to a broad group<br />
<strong>of</strong> C. arabica specimen that developed naturally. Depending on <strong>the</strong> specific sub-group, this c<strong>of</strong>fee can be red<br />
or yellow. These <strong>plant</strong>s generally have broader leaves and rounder fruit and seeds than Typica. Sterns are<br />
stronger and stand more upright than Typica. They can show very good quality but are susceptible to all major<br />
diseases and pests.<br />
Typica: This varietal name is commonly used for numerous tall types <strong>of</strong> C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica and <strong>the</strong> most prominent<br />
trait are <strong>the</strong> bronze-tipped young leaves. lts predecessors were originally brought to Java from Yemen<br />
(possibly via lndia) and also to Europe in <strong>the</strong> beginning <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 th century, from where Typica was spread all<br />
over <strong>the</strong> world. Typica <strong>plant</strong>s are known to have low productivity and <strong>the</strong>y are susceptible to all main c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
pests and diseases. Typica c<strong>of</strong>fees include Blue Mountain, Guatemala, Sumatra, Pache, Java, and Kona. T<br />
37
Origin <strong>of</strong> varieties<br />
first adaptation to modern agriculture<br />
In <strong>the</strong> beginning low genetic diversity<br />
Typica:<br />
Genetic diversity within<br />
population intrinsically<br />
Zero<br />
Bourbon:<br />
Genetic diversity within<br />
population enables<br />
progress in breeding<br />
success<br />
Cross<br />
A genetic progress occurred<br />
mutation<br />
Mundo Novo<br />
(tall in growth:<br />
mechanical harvest)<br />
Caturra<br />
(Dwarf variety)<br />
cross<br />
+ 25 – 35 %, 6300 a/ha<br />
Catuai<br />
(Dwarf variety, vigorous)<br />
Varieties adapted to<br />
Intensification <strong>of</strong><br />
agriculture<br />
Creation and dissemination <strong>of</strong> Arabica c<strong>of</strong>fee varieties: What varietal innovations? Bertrand<br />
B, Montagnon C, Georget F, Charmetant P and Etienne H Cahiers Agricultures 21/2-3(2012)77–88<br />
Dwarfism: same mutation for<br />
• Bourbon pointu<br />
• Pacas<br />
• Caturra<br />
• Villa Sarchi<br />
38
Initially, C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica <strong>plant</strong>ations were based on few individuals, namely <strong>the</strong> two classical varieties Typica<br />
and Bourbon. This resulting poor genetic diversity is now a days generating a huge problem due to low<br />
resilience against c<strong>of</strong>fee diseases. Therefore many regions have stopped to grow those varieties as <strong>the</strong> effort<br />
for maintaining <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong>ation is too large. Genetic diversity in Typica was intrinsically zero, while <strong>the</strong>re was still<br />
some diversity left in <strong>the</strong> Bourbon variety.<br />
After Crossing Typica and Bourbon a new variety named Mondo Novo was created in Brazil in 1931, which<br />
showed an increased productivity combined with tall growth. Therefore Mundo Novo could be grown efficiently<br />
in <strong>the</strong> plain <strong>plant</strong>ations <strong>of</strong> Brazil combined with mechanical harvesting.<br />
At <strong>the</strong> same time a natural Bourbon mutant with dwarfism was discovered in 1935. This Caturra variety had<br />
also higher productivity than Bourbon, but more importantly due to <strong>the</strong> smaller growth it could be <strong>plant</strong>ed at<br />
much higher densities (6300 a/ha). Due to a lack in vigour Caturra was not introduced commercially in Brazil.<br />
Subsequently, Caturra was crossed with Mundo Novo to produce Catuai, that exhibited high vigour combined<br />
with high <strong>plant</strong> density, having <strong>the</strong> optimal combination for high productivity in intensive agriculture.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> picture to <strong>the</strong> right, several o<strong>the</strong>r varieties and how <strong>the</strong>y originated, taken from SCAA. Here it is also<br />
important to notice that dwarfism is a single point mutation that has happened frequently, e.g. Bourbon pointu,<br />
Pacas, Caturra and Villa Sarchi show <strong>the</strong> same mutation.<br />
Those varieties on <strong>the</strong> picture will be explained in more detail on <strong>the</strong> next pages.<br />
39
C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica cv. Caturra<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica cv. Mundo Novo<br />
Caturra in Brazil (1937), Bourbon mutant<br />
• dwarfism, pronounced branching, short Internodes<br />
• Compact habitus (2–3 m) with low located fruits<br />
‣ high density in <strong>plant</strong>ation (e.g. Colombia and Costa Rica)<br />
‣ Without shade: risk <strong>of</strong> overbearing<br />
-> needs intensive care<br />
• Good yield, fast ripening <strong>of</strong> fruits, moderate cup quality<br />
• To a great extent homozygous<br />
• Susceptible against all pests and diseases<br />
• Red fruit: Caturra Vermelho, yellow: Caturra Amarelo (recessive)<br />
Caturra , Costa Rica<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fee: Growing, Processing<br />
sustainable production, Wiley 2012<br />
Mundo Nuovo in Sao Paulo state (1931), cross between<br />
Sumatra (Typica) and Red Bourbon<br />
• Replaced Typica after 1960, today still 35 % <strong>of</strong> farming in Brazil,<br />
good adaptation on climate and condition for cultivation<br />
• High growth (with high located fruits) for mechanical harvest<br />
• High productivity (60 to 120% more), good vigor<br />
• Average ripening <strong>of</strong> fruits (red fruit)<br />
• To a great extent homozygous (one genotype)<br />
• Susceptible to pests and diseases,<br />
said to have some resistance against CLR<br />
http://c<strong>of</strong>feelovers<strong>of</strong>world.com<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fee berry disease, Kamerun<br />
Jonathan Wilkins<br />
© www.gettyimages.com,<br />
Plantation Mundo Novo, Brazil<br />
40
Caturra: A pure-line dwarf mutant <strong>of</strong> red Bourbon that has short internodes, which leads to shorter<br />
branches and a compact growth. This natural mutant was discovered in Brazil and first mentioned by <strong>the</strong><br />
Instituto Agronomica de Campinas in 1937. It is highly productive, but with lower vigor and moderate cup<br />
quality and with fast ripening fruits. Its leaf and fruit characteristics are similar to Bourbon, and Caturra<br />
berries can be ei<strong>the</strong>r red or yellow (Yellow Caturra and Red Caturra).<br />
And like Bourbon, it is known to be susceptible to all main diseases and pests. It was never grown in<br />
lowland <strong>plant</strong>ations in Brazil due to its lack in vigour and its suceptibility to c<strong>of</strong>fee diseases, but it has<br />
spread in Colombia and Central America, where it was and still is grown at higher latitudes.<br />
Mundo novo: This tall cultivar was selected from a natural cross <strong>of</strong> Sumatra (Typica) and Red Bourbon in<br />
Brazil (municipality <strong>of</strong> Novo Mundo, today called Urupês, in Sao Paulo state) in <strong>the</strong> 1940s by <strong>the</strong> lnstituto<br />
Agronomica de Campinas (IAC). The variety has been distributed to farmers in Brazil since 1952 replacing<br />
Typica and still forms a basis <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee production in Brazil (35 %). It is characterized by tall height, red fruit,<br />
average maturation time and good vegetative vigor combined with high productivity. Leaf and fruit<br />
characteristics are intermediate between Typica and Bourbon and leaf tips can be green or bronze.<br />
lt has an average cup quality and is susceptible to main pests and diseases. However, with intensive care<br />
in well managed <strong>plant</strong>ations, productivity remains high for Mundo Novo as it is well adapted to <strong>the</strong> Brazilian<br />
climate<br />
41
C. arabica cv. Catuai<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica var. Laurina, Bourbon pointu<br />
Catuai: 1949 in Brazil, cross between Mundo Novo and Yellow Caturra<br />
• Inheritance: dwarfism from Caturra, higher yield from Mundo Novo and<br />
moderate rsistance to CLR<br />
• Widely distributed in Brazil and Central America<br />
• Good yielding and good quality<br />
Fernando Rebêlo<br />
• Small <strong>plant</strong>s with low hanging fruits<br />
• Average ripening<br />
• Suitable for dense <strong>plant</strong>ations<br />
• Susceptible to diseases and pests,<br />
Yellow Catuai<br />
it is said to have some resistance against CLR<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fee: Growing,<br />
Processing sustainable<br />
production, Wiley 2012<br />
Catuai, Costa Rica<br />
http://www.sweetmarias.com<br />
Bourbon pointu: spontaneous mutation from Bourbon (a)<br />
• Specialty c<strong>of</strong>fee, low caffeine content (0.6 %)<br />
• Dwarfism, small leaves (b)<br />
• Beans are smaller and pointed<br />
(Bourbon pointu) (c)<br />
• Looks like Christmas tree<br />
http://perso.numericable.fr/dalbera5/site_numerisation_reunio<br />
n/maison_rouge/pages/<strong>plant</strong>ation_cafe_bourbon_pointu.htm<br />
42
Catuai: A pure-line (one genotype predominating) cultivar developed by <strong>the</strong> Instituto Agronomico de<br />
Campinas (IAC) 1949 in Brazil. Catuai originated from a cross between Mundo Novo and yellow Caturra,<br />
having inherited <strong>the</strong> dwarism from Caturra having ei<strong>the</strong>r yellow or red cherries (Catuai-amarelo or Catuaivermelho).<br />
lt has good productivity, average ripening <strong>of</strong> fruits and is susceptible to all main pests and<br />
diseases, although it is said to have some resistance against CLR. However, giving <strong>the</strong> fact that pesticide<br />
use in Brazil is common and plenty, this hypo<strong>the</strong>sis has to be tested. It forms <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r basis for c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
production in Brazil, accounting for 60 % <strong>of</strong> its production. Due to its small size Catuai is grown in dense<br />
<strong>plant</strong>ations under full sun, which requires a high level <strong>of</strong> care (e.g. watering, fertilization). It also was<br />
distributed to Central American countries, e.g. Costa Rica and Guatemala. It has average cup quality.<br />
Bourbon Pointu/Laurina: A natural mutation <strong>of</strong> Bourbon that originally occurred on <strong>the</strong> island <strong>of</strong><br />
‘Bourbon’ (La Réunion) from a Weld at <strong>the</strong> beginning<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 19th century, first described in 1947. lt has also<br />
a dwarf stature and a "Christmas tree" (pointed) shape. It has smaller leaves, narrow internodes, and<br />
pointed seeds. Lt has excellent cup quality and is known to have a lower caffeine content than many o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
C. arabica varieties. However, it is susceptible to CLR.<br />
Some Laurina mutants were <strong>the</strong> first c<strong>of</strong>fees to be patented by <strong>the</strong> roasting industry and <strong>the</strong> historical<br />
context <strong>of</strong> its origin has been extensively discussed here (Lecolier et al, Euphytica (2009) 168:1–10).<br />
Their conclusion for <strong>the</strong> “most likely hypo<strong>the</strong>sis is <strong>the</strong> emergence <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mutation <strong>of</strong> a ‘Bourbon’ tree (from<br />
Yemen) in La Réunion, its fixation as homozygous genotype lrlr by selfing, followed by its selection and its<br />
multiplication by seeds as pure line”.<br />
43
O<strong>the</strong>r Varieties<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica cv. Maragogipe or Maragogype<br />
• Mutation from Typica From Maragogipe, province Bahia, Brazil<br />
• Large internodes and big leaves, large <strong>plant</strong><br />
Caturra<br />
• Large berries and beans (common name Elefante)<br />
• Low yield<br />
• Commercial interest: in Central Amerika and Mexico<br />
Maragogype<br />
Maragogype<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica cv. Pacas (1949)<br />
• Discovered in 1949 in <strong>the</strong> Santa Ana region <strong>of</strong> El Salvador<br />
• Similar to Caturra, Villa Sarchi<br />
• Mutant <strong>of</strong> Red Bourbon<br />
• Susceptible to all diseases and pests<br />
Mark Pfaff<br />
Mixed cultivars<br />
• Cross Maragogipe with Caturra: Maracaturra<br />
Pacas<br />
• Cross Maragogipe with Pacas: Pacamara (1984),<br />
bronze or green young leaves£<br />
www.sweetmarias.com<br />
Pacamara<br />
www.sweetmarias.com<br />
44
Maragogipe: A mutant <strong>of</strong> Typica, first discovered near Maragogipe, Bahia, Brazil in 1870. The special<br />
characteristic <strong>of</strong> this variety is <strong>the</strong> production <strong>of</strong> large cherries and seeds, compared to Typica. The<br />
mutation is due to a single dominant gene, which acts not only on <strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fruit, but also results in<br />
longer internodes and larger leaf size. Due to its relatively low yield, it has not been introduced to Brazil. But<br />
it is still grown in Nicaragua, Guatemala and Mexico due to its high cup quality.<br />
Pacas: A dwarf mutation <strong>of</strong> Bourbon discovered in 1949 on a farm owned by <strong>the</strong> Pacas in <strong>the</strong> Santa Ana<br />
region <strong>of</strong> El Salvador, where it is still grown today accounting for 25% <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country's c<strong>of</strong>fee production. In<br />
1960, <strong>the</strong> Salvadoran Institute for C<strong>of</strong>fee Research began a program <strong>of</strong> pedigree selection (selection <strong>of</strong><br />
individual <strong>plant</strong>s through successive generations) for Pacas.<br />
Pacas is similar to Caturra from Brazil and Villa Sarchi in Costa Rica, where a single-gene mutation<br />
resulted in smaller growth, also called “dwarfism’. Due to its smaller size, this variety has been <strong>plant</strong>ed at<br />
higher densities to increase <strong>the</strong> total production/area on a farm. It performs well at high elevations and has<br />
good yields. lt is known to be susceptible to all main diseases and pests.<br />
Pacamara: A cross between Maragogype and Pacas developed in El Salvador. Similarly to Pacas, it is<br />
known to be susceptible to all main diseases and pests. Pacamara was released by <strong>the</strong> Salvadoran<br />
Institute <strong>of</strong> C<strong>of</strong>fee Research in 1984. Due to incomplete pedigree selection, this variety is genetically<br />
unstable and 10-12% <strong>of</strong> <strong>plant</strong>s in a <strong>plant</strong>ation revert to Pacas (when <strong>plant</strong>ed as seeds).<br />
Maracaturra: Similar to Pacamara, where Caturra was crossed with Maragogipe, e.g. grown in Guatemala.<br />
45
C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica cv. Geisha<br />
• Geisha or Gesha, natural variety from Gesha, a region in Ethiopia.<br />
• Was cultivated in <strong>the</strong> 1950s as CLR tolerant variety<br />
• Still grown in <strong>the</strong> highlands <strong>of</strong> Panama, rediscovered in <strong>the</strong><br />
beginning <strong>of</strong> this millennium<br />
• Low yield, but c<strong>of</strong>fee has exceptional cup quality with<br />
unique flavour<br />
• At <strong>the</strong> moment a sought after variety and<br />
<strong>plant</strong>ed elsewhere in Central America<br />
• One <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> most expensive varieties due to an imbalance<br />
in demand and supply : peak at $170 USD for a pound <strong>of</strong><br />
green beans (2010) = $10 for a cup<br />
For comparison: $ 1 – 2 / lb for normal c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
Comparison: Differences in Fruit size and colour<br />
© www.madcapc<strong>of</strong>fee.com<br />
www.sweetmarias.com<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fee: Growing, Processing sustainable production, Wiley 2012<br />
46
Panamanian Geisha: A wild Ethiopian landrace that is now cultivated widely in Central America . lt is<br />
named for <strong>the</strong> town Gesha in Western Ethiopia where it was first collected in <strong>the</strong> forests in <strong>the</strong> 1930s. After<br />
that it seems to have been sent to <strong>the</strong> Limungu research station in Tanzania and from where it was brought<br />
to Agronomico Tropical de lnvestigacion y Ensenanza (CATIE) in Costa Rica in 1953. Then it was<br />
distributed throughout Panama via CATIE in <strong>the</strong> 1960s because <strong>of</strong> its tolerance to c<strong>of</strong>fee leaf rust. That<br />
was also how it made its way to <strong>the</strong> Boquete region <strong>of</strong> Panama, where it was rediscovered in <strong>the</strong> early<br />
2000.<br />
However, what happened in <strong>the</strong> 50 years between distribution and rediscovery can only be speculated.<br />
One reasonable explanation could be that Geisha is a ra<strong>the</strong>r low yielding variety. This low prodcutivity<br />
toge<strong>the</strong>r with a higher brittleness <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong>'s branches could explain why farmers did not adapt this<br />
variety for large-scale cultivation.<br />
The c<strong>of</strong>fee gained fame in 2005, when <strong>the</strong> Peterson family <strong>of</strong> Boquete (Hacienda La Esmeralda, Panama)<br />
entered it into <strong>the</strong> "Best <strong>of</strong> Panama" competition and auction. Nowadays it is widely known for its<br />
outstanding cup pr<strong>of</strong>ile with delicate floral, jasmine, and peach-like aromas (when <strong>plant</strong>s are managed well<br />
at high altitude). It <strong>the</strong>n also received exceptionally high marks and broke <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>n-record for green c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
auction prices, selling regularly for over $20/pound.<br />
Yet, significant confusion about Geisha remains, as it seems that a multitude <strong>of</strong> genetically distinct <strong>plant</strong><br />
genotypes have been referred to as Geisha, many <strong>of</strong> which share similar geographic origins in Ethiopia.<br />
Recent genetic diversity analyses conducted by World C<strong>of</strong>fee Research confirm that Panamanian Geisha is<br />
distinct and uniform.<br />
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C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica<br />
varieties, hybrids
This is a list <strong>of</strong> varieties compiled by Café Imports:<br />
There are <strong>the</strong> three relevant c<strong>of</strong>fee species at <strong>the</strong> bottom <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> branches, C. liberica to <strong>the</strong> left, C. arabica<br />
in <strong>the</strong> middle and C. canephora (note that C. arabica is a natural hybrid <strong>of</strong> C. canephora and C.<br />
eugenoides).<br />
For Arabica, one branch compiles heriloom varieties (green, originated in Ethiopia), while ano<strong>the</strong>r compiles<br />
varieties derived from Typica (orange) and one from Bourbon (red). Bo<strong>the</strong> Typica and Bourbon originated in<br />
Yemen. However, only a part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> circulating varietal names is compiled and <strong>the</strong>re od no definitive list <strong>of</strong><br />
existing varieties available at <strong>the</strong> moment.<br />
The Robusta branch (purple) to <strong>the</strong> right has <strong>the</strong> variety Hibrido de Timor (HdT, a natural hybrid <strong>of</strong> C.<br />
arabica and C. canephora) at its bottom.<br />
The clue about this picture is that it also visualizes <strong>the</strong> most important breeding results during <strong>the</strong> past<br />
centuries. This is indicated by <strong>the</strong> branching pattern toge<strong>the</strong>r with arrows. (e.g. Mundo Novo is a hybrid<br />
between Typica from Sumatra and Red Bourbon or <strong>the</strong> cross <strong>of</strong> Maragogype and Pacas resulted in<br />
Pacamara).<br />
It also gives an overview on <strong>the</strong> existing Catimors, which are hybrids between HdT and Caturra. These<br />
varieties are growing quickly as <strong>the</strong>y are resistant to c<strong>of</strong>fee leaf rust (CLR)and can <strong>the</strong>refore be cultivated<br />
at lower altitude in CLR infested areas (e.g. Colombia c<strong>of</strong>fee region in Huila grows mainly Colombia,<br />
Castillo and Tiba only little Caturra).<br />
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World c<strong>of</strong>fee research –<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee varieties<br />
Example how WCR want to help farmers choosing <strong>the</strong> right variety:<br />
Work done by WCR:<br />
IN THE LAB<br />
Focusing on <strong>the</strong> genetics,<br />
molecular biology, and sensory<br />
science <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
IN THE FIELD<br />
Working to get <strong>the</strong> best c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
varieties into <strong>the</strong> hands <strong>of</strong><br />
farmers<br />
IN THE CUP<br />
Improving <strong>the</strong> quality <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee,<br />
seed to cup<br />
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World c<strong>of</strong>fee research is a non-pr<strong>of</strong>it agricultural research organization registered in <strong>the</strong> state <strong>of</strong> California.<br />
“The world's supply <strong>of</strong> high quality c<strong>of</strong>fee is urgently threatened. So are <strong>the</strong> livelihoods <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee farmers.<br />
We can solve <strong>the</strong>se complex problems through collaborative research and development.”<br />
Projects related to green c<strong>of</strong>fee (taken from <strong>the</strong>ir homepage https://worldc<strong>of</strong>feeresearch.org)<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee genetics & breeding: Today’s best c<strong>of</strong>fee varieties are no match for <strong>the</strong> environmental threats <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> 21st century—changing wea<strong>the</strong>r patterns, increased temperatures, and new disease and insect<br />
prevalence. This creates a potentially disastrous decline in supply in <strong>the</strong> coming decades. Focusing on<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee genetic improvement through work in <strong>the</strong> lab to identify key genes and genetic markers, and in <strong>the</strong><br />
field to develop new varieties <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee, is <strong>the</strong> most efficient way to ensure <strong>the</strong> future <strong>of</strong> c<strong>of</strong>fee.<br />
Global c<strong>of</strong>fee conservation strategy: Protecting c<strong>of</strong>fee, forever<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fea arabica Genetic Diversity: Understanding whe<strong>the</strong>r c<strong>of</strong>fee's "genetic toolkit" is big enough<br />
Breeding for <strong>the</strong> Future: C<strong>of</strong>fee <strong>plant</strong>s for <strong>the</strong> 21st century<br />
Next-Generation F1 Hybrid Varieties: Combining traditional methods with big data<br />
C<strong>of</strong>fee Varieties: Deciding which variety to <strong>plant</strong> is perhaps <strong>the</strong> most important decision a farmer will make<br />
about his or her farm. It represents an investment <strong>of</strong> at least 10-15 years, <strong>of</strong>ten longer. Yet c<strong>of</strong>fee<br />
producers <strong>of</strong>ten don’t know what varieties that have and <strong>the</strong>refore <strong>plant</strong> seeds that are susceptible to<br />
disease or don’t perform optimally in <strong>the</strong>ir area, leaving <strong>the</strong>m doubly vulnerable. Helping farmers gain<br />
access to better varieties and better information about how <strong>the</strong>y perform significantly reduces <strong>the</strong> risk<br />
farmers face.<br />
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C<strong>of</strong>fea canephora<br />
• Increase in production, 0 % in 1920 to 40 % today<br />
• Introgression lines with C. arabica varieties<br />
• More caffeine and chlorogenic acids<br />
(higher bitterness, but quality is sufficient for soluble<br />
c<strong>of</strong>fee)<br />
Selection <strong>of</strong> trees with good general combining ability<br />
(hybrids <strong>of</strong> good quality with many different genotypes)<br />
• Guinean (West Africa, red) and Congolese group<br />
(Central Africa, green)<br />
‣ Robusta (Congo), 1890<br />
‣ Nganda (Uganda)<br />
‣ Kouilou (Central Africa),<br />
now widespread in Brazil<br />
Hybrids<br />
• BP and SA series in Java, Indonesia in <strong>the</strong><br />
1920th, propagation via seed and grafting<br />
• S274 and BR series in India in <strong>the</strong> 1950th<br />
(<strong>plant</strong> material from Java), propagation via seed<br />
Montagnon C et al. C<strong>of</strong>fee (C<strong>of</strong>fea canephora Pierre) genetic improvement: Acquired<br />
knowledge, strategies and perspectives. Cahiers Agricultures 21/2-3(2012)143–153<br />
• IF series in Ivory coast<br />
(<strong>plant</strong> material from Java)<br />
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C<strong>of</strong>fea canephora it characterised by its great variation in forms or ecotypes, and <strong>the</strong>refore it is much more<br />
difficult to distinguish varieties. This is due to its allogamous (cross-fertilizing) reproduction, where always<br />
pollen from ano<strong>the</strong>r tree is needed for fertilization. In contrast to self-fertilizing C. arabica, Robusta always<br />
mixes DNA from a multitude <strong>of</strong> individuals, which generated many different genotypes.<br />
Robusta c<strong>of</strong>fee is also more bitter and has less favourable organoleptic qualities, which is also mirrored in<br />
<strong>the</strong> trade prices, where Robusta is sold at 60 % lower prices than Arabica. However, quality <strong>of</strong> Robusta can<br />
still be improved with higher post-processing efforts. Yet, quality is sufficient for soluble c<strong>of</strong>fee production<br />
and to be used in blends with Arabica. There was also a larger demand for cheap c<strong>of</strong>fee after <strong>the</strong> second<br />
world war, which boosted <strong>the</strong> share on world c<strong>of</strong>fee production for Robustas from 0 % in 1920 to 40 %<br />
today.<br />
For selection <strong>of</strong> Robusta trees, a strategy is frequently applied, where genotypes with a good general<br />
combining ability are selected. Doing that, one looks for individuals with a certain genotype that produce<br />
hybrids <strong>of</strong> good quality with many different o<strong>the</strong>r genotypes. This way one can higher <strong>the</strong> probability that<br />
<strong>the</strong> trees in <strong>the</strong> <strong>plant</strong>ation produce an evenly good quality crop.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> picture <strong>the</strong> geographic origins <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> two main genetic groups <strong>of</strong> C. canephora are shown. The red<br />
area marks <strong>the</strong> Guinean group <strong>of</strong> Robustas (Ivory coast and Guinea), whereas <strong>the</strong> green area marks <strong>the</strong><br />
Congolese group with few sub-groups, e.g. C (Cameroon, <strong>the</strong> Central African Republic and Congo).<br />
Several geographic C. canephora varieties have been defined, e.g. Robusta in <strong>the</strong> Congo (around 1890<br />
Gaillan collected seeds to start a nursery, now Robusta is commonly used for <strong>the</strong> whole species), Nganda<br />
in Uganda and Kouilou from Central Africa. The latter species is now widely grown in Brazil, named<br />
Conilon.<br />
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